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Section
Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders
Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders
Acid-Base Regulation and Disorders
Introduction
Acid-Base Physiology
Acid-Base Balance
Chemical buffering
Pulmonary regulation
Renal regulation
Acid-Base Disorders
Classification
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Metabolic Acidosis
Etiology
High anion gap acidosis
Normal anion gap acidosis
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Lactic Acidosis
Metabolic Alkalosis
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Respiratory Acidosis
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Respiratory Alkalosis
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Pseudorespiratory alkalosis
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Adrenal Disorders
Introduction
Cortex
Medulla
Clinical syndromes
Addison's Disease
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Mineralocorticoid deficiency
Glucocorticoid deficiency
Symptoms and Signs
Adrenal crisis
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Testing
Treatment
Adrenal crisis
Treatment of complications
Adrenal Virilism
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Cushing's Syndrome
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Nonfunctional Adrenal Masses
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Pheochromocytoma
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Blood tests
Urine tests
Other tests
Treatment
Primary Aldosteronism
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Secondary Aldosteronism
Amyloidosis
Amyloidosis
Etiology
Primary amyloidosis (AL)
Secondary amyloidosis (AA)
Familial amyloidosis
A β
2
-microglobulin (dialysis-related) amyloidosis
A β-protein amyloidosis
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Carcinoid Tumors
Introduction
Carcinoid Syndrome
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Diabetes Mellitus and Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism
Introduction
Alcoholic Ketoacidosis
Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
Type 1
Type 2
Miscellaneous types
Symptoms and Signs
Complications
Diabetic retinopathy
Diabetic nephropathy
Diabetic neuropathy
Macrovascular disease
Infection
Other complications
Diagnosis
Screening
Treatment
Monitoring
Insulin
Insulin regimens for type 1 DM
Insulin regimens for type 2 DM
Oral antihyperglycemic drugs
Other antihyperglycemic treatments
Adjunctive treatments
Special Populations and Settings
Brittle diabetes
Children
Adolescents
Hospitalization
Surgery
Prevention
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Hypoglycemia
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Nonketotic Hyperosmolar Syndrome (NKHS)
Symptoms, Signs, and Diagnosis
Treatment
Fluid and Electrolyte Metabolism
Introduction
Disorders of Calcium Concentration
Regulation of Calcium Metabolism
Hypocalcemia
Etiology
Hypoparathyroidism
Pseudohypoparathyroidism
Vitamin D deficiency and dependency
Renal disease
Other causes
Symptoms and Signs
Neurologic manifestations
Other manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Hypercalcemia
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Initial evaluation
Hyperparathyroidism
Cancer
FHH
Milk-alkali syndrome
Other causes
Treatment
Mild hypercalcemia
Moderate hypercalcemia
Severe hypercalcemia
Hyperparathyroidism
FHH
Disorders of Fluid Volume
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis
Other natriuretic factors
Na depletion and excess
Volume depletion
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Volume Overload
Disorders of Magnesium Concentration
Hypomagnesemia
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Hypermagnesemia
Diagnosis
Treatment
Disorders of Phosphate Concentration
Hypophosphatemia
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Oral treatment
Parenteral treatment
Hyperphosphatemia
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Disorders of Potassium Concentration
K shifts
K metabolism
False K concentrations
Hypokalemia
Etiology
GI tract losses
Intracellular shift
Renal losses
Drugs
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
ECG
Diagnosis of cause
Treatment
Prevention
Hyperkalemia
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
ECG
Diagnosis of the cause
Treatment
Mild hyperkalemia
Moderate to severe hyperkalemia
Hypernatremia
Etiology
Hypovolemic hypernatremia
Euvolemic hypernatremia
Hypervolemic hypernatremia
Hypernatremia in the elderly
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Hyponatremia
Etiology
Hypovolemic hyponatremia
Euvolemic hyponatremia
Hypervolemic hyponatremia
Hyponatremia in AIDS
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Identification of the cause
Treatment
Mild hyponatremia
Severe hyponatremia
Osmotic demyelination syndrome
Water and Sodium Balance
Osmotic forces
Water intake and excretion
Lipid Disorders
Introduction
Physiology
Exogenous (dietary) lipid metabolism
Endogenous lipid metabolism
Dyslipidemia
Classification
Etiology
Primary causes
Secondary causes
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Lipid profile measurement
Other tests
Secondary causes
Screening
Treatment
General principles
Elevated LDL-cholesterol
Elevated TGs
Low HDL
Elevated Lp(a)
Secondary causes
Monitoring treatment
Elevated High-Density Lipoprotein Levels
Hypolipidemia
Etiology
Abetalipoproteinemia (Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome)
Hypobetalipoproteinemia
Chylomicron retention disease
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN) Syndromes
Introduction
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia, Type 1 (MEN 1)
Symptoms and Signs
Parathyroid
Pancreas
Pituitary
Other manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia, Type 2A (MEN 2A)
Symptoms and Signs
Thyroid
Adrenal
Parathyroid
Other manifestations
Diagnosis
Screening
Treatment
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia, Type 2B (MEN 2B)
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Pituitary Disorders
Introduction
Central Diabetes Insipidus
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Psychogenic polydipsia
Treatment
Galactorrhea
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Generalized Hypopituitarism
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Imaging tests
Laboratory testing
Treatment
Gigantism and Acromegaly
Symptoms and Signs
Pituitary gigantism
Acromegaly
Diagnosis
Treatment
Hypopituitarism in Children Resulting in Short Stature
Symptoms, Signs, and Diagnosis
Treatment
Pituitary Lesions
Empty sella syndrome
Anterior lobe lesions
Posterior lobe lesions
Selective Pituitary Hormone Deficiencies
Polyglandular Deficiency Syndromes
Polyglandular Deficiency Syndromes
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Type I
Type II (Schmidt's syndrome)
Type III
Symptoms, Signs, and Diagnosis
Treatment
IPEX Syndrome
POEMS Syndrome
Porphyrias
Introduction
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Acute Porphyrias
Precipitating Factors
Symptoms and Signs
The acute porphyric attack
Subacute or subchronic symptoms
Skin symptoms in VP and HCP
Late manifestations
Diagnosis
Acute attack
Determination of type
Family studies
Prognosis
Treatment
Prevention
Cutaneous Porphyrias
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Erythropoietic Protoporphyria
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Principles of Endocrinology
Introduction
Hypothalamic-Pituitary Relationships
Hypothalamic Controls
Anterior Pituitary Function
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Growth hormone (GH)
Prolactin
Other hormones
Posterior Pituitary Function
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin
Endocrine Disorders
Hyperfunction
Hypofunction
Laboratory Testing
Treatment
Aging and Endocrinology
Thyroid Disorders
Introduction
Synthesis and Release of Thyroid Hormones
Laboratory Testing of Thyroid Function
Approach to the Patient With a Thyroid Nodule
Etiology
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Testing
Treatment
Euthyroid Sick Syndrome
Diagnosis
Treatment
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Hyperthyroidism
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Thyroid storm
Diagnosis
Treatment
Iodine
Propylthiouracil and methimazole
Radioactive sodium iodine (
131
I, radioiodine)
Surgery
Treatment of thyroid storm
Treatment of infiltrative dermopathy and ophthalmopathy
Subclinical Hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism
Primary hypothyroidism
Secondary hypothyroidism
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Myxedema coma
Subclinical Hypothyroidism
Silent Lymphocytic Thyroiditis
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Simple Nontoxic Goiter
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Subacute Thyroiditis
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Thyroid Cancers
Papillary Carcinoma
Treatment
Follicular Carcinoma
Medullary Carcinoma
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Anaplastic Carcinoma
Radiation-Induced Thyroid Cancer
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