Infectious Diseases: Merck Manual Professional

THE MERCK MANUAL MEDICAL LIBRARY: The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy

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Section		Infectious Diseases

Infectious Diseases

Anaerobic Bacteria

Introduction
		Clostridia
		Other anaerobes
Actinomycosis
	Symptoms and Signs
	Diagnosis
	Prognosis and Treatment
Botulism
	Etiology and Pathophysiology
	Symptoms and Signs
	Diagnosis
	Treatment and Prevention
Clostridial Intra-abdominal Infections
Clostridial Necrotizing Enteritis
Clostridial Soft-Tissue Infections
	Symptoms and Signs
	Diagnosis
	Treatment
Clostridium difficile–Induced Diarrhea
	Symptoms and Signs
	Diagnosis and Treatment
Clostridium perfringens Food Poisoning
Mixed Anaerobic Infections
	Etiology and Pathophysiology
	Symptoms and Signs
	Diagnosis
	Treatment and Prevention
Tetanus
	Etiology and Pathophysiology
	Symptoms and Signs
	Diagnosis
	Prognosis and Treatment
		General principles
		Wound care
		Antitoxin
		Management of muscle spasm
		Antibiotics
		Supportive care
	Prevention

Approach to Parasitic Infections

	Approach to Parasitic Infections
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Prevention

Arboviridae, Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, and Filoviridae Bacteria and Antibacterial Drugs

Introduction
			Morphology
			Staining
			Encapsulation
			Oxygen requirements
		Antibacterial Drugs
		Selection and Use of Antibiotics
			Spectrum of activity
			Effectiveness
			Route
			Special populations
			Duration
			Complications
		Antibiotic Resistance
Aminoglycosides
		Pharmacology
		Indications
		Contraindications
		Use During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
		Adverse Effects
			Dosing considerations
	Spectinomycin
Chloramphenicol
		Pharmacology
		Indications
		Contraindications
		Use During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
		Adverse Effects
Daptomycin
		Indications
		Contraindications
		Use During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
		Adverse Effects
		Dosing Considerations
Fluoroquinolones
		Pharmacology
		Indications
		Contraindications
		Use During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
		Adverse Effects
		Dosing Considerations
Lincosamides, Oxazolidinones, and Streptogramins
	Lincosamides
		Pharmacology
		Indications
		Contraindications
		Use During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
		Adverse Effects
		Dosing Considerations
	Oxazolidinones
		Contraindications
		Use During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
		Adverse Effects
	Streptogramins
Macrolides
		Pharmacology
		Indications
		Contraindications
		Use During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
		Adverse Effects
		Dosing Considerations
	Telithromycin
		Indications
		Contraindications
		Use During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
		Adverse Effects
		Dosing Considerations
Metronidazole
		Pharmacology
		Indications
		Contraindications
		Use During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
		Adverse Effects
		Dosing Considerations
Mupirocin
Nitrofurantoin
		Pharmacology
		Indications
		Contraindications
		Use During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
		Adverse Effects
Polypeptides
		Indications
		Contraindications
		Use During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
		Adverse Effects
Rifamycins
	Rifampin and Rifabutin
		Pharmacology
		Indications
		Contraindications
		Use During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
		Adverse Effects
		Dosing Considerations
	Rifaximin
Sulfonamides
		Pharmacology
		Indications
		Contraindications
		Use During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
		Adverse Effects
		Dosing Considerations
	Trimethoprim and Sulfamethoxazole
		Pharmacology
		Indications
		Contraindications
		Use During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
		Adverse Effects
		Dosing Considerations
Tetracyclines
		Pharmacology
		Indications
		Contraindications
		Use During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
		Adverse Effects
		Dosing Considerations
Tigecycline
		Indications
		Contraindications
		Use During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
		Adverse Effects
		Dosing Considerations
Vancomycin
		Pharmacology
		Indications
		Contraindications
		Use During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
		Adverse Effects
		Dosing Considerations
β-Lactams
	Cephalosporins
		Pharmacology
		Indications
			First-generation cephalosporins
			Second-generation cephalosporins and cephamycins
			Third-generation cephalosporins
			Fourth-generation cephalosporin
			Fifth-generation cephalosporin
		Contraindications
		Use During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
		Adverse Effects
		Contraindications
	Penicillins
		Pharmacology
		Indications
			Amoxicillin and ampicillin
			Penicillinase-resistant penicillins
			Broad-spectrum (antipseudomonal) penicillin
		Contraindications
		Use During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
		Adverse Effects
			Hypersensitivity
			Rashes
			Other adverse effects
		Dosing Considerations
	Other β-Lactams

Biology of Infectious Disease Cestodes (Tapeworms) Chlamydia and Mycoplasmas

	Chlamydia
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
	Mycoplasmas

Enteroviruses

	Introduction
			Diagnosis and Treatment
	Epidemic Pleurodynia
	Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease
	Herpangina
	Poliomyelitis
			Symptoms and Signs
			Diagnosis
			Prognosis
			Treatment
			Prevention

Extraintestinal Protozoa

Introduction
African Trypanosomiasis
		Etiology and Pathophysiology
		Symptoms and Signs
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
		Prevention
Babesiosis
		Etiology and Pathophysiology
		Symptoms, Signs, and Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prevention
Chagas' Disease
		Etiology and Pathophysiology
		Symptoms and Signs
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prevention
Free-Living Amebas
	Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis
	Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis
	Amebic Keratitis
Leishmaniasis
		Etiology and Pathophysiology
		Symptoms and Signs
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prevention
Malaria
		Etiology and Pathophysiology
			Resistance
		Symptoms and Signs
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
			Treatment of the acute attack
			Curative therapy for hypnozoites
		Prevention
			Chemoprophylaxis
Toxoplasmosis
		Etiology and Pathophysiology
		Symptoms and Signs
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
		Prevention

Fungi

Introduction
		Opportunistic fungal infections
		Primary fungal infections
	Diagnosis
Antifungal Drugs
	Amphotericin B
		Formulations
		Adverse effects
	Azole Antifungals
		Fluconazole
		Itraconazole
		Posaconazole
		Voriconazole
	Echinocandins
	Flucytosine
Aspergillosis
	Pathophysiology
	Symptoms and Signs
	Diagnosis
	Treatment
Blastomycosis
	Symptoms and Signs
		Pulmonary
		Extrapulmonary
	Diagnosis
	Treatment
Candidiasis (Invasive)
	Symptoms and Signs
	Diagnosis
	Treatment
Coccidioidomycosis
	Pathophysiology
	Symptoms and Signs
		Primary coccidioidomycosis
		Progressive coccidioidomycosis
	Diagnosis
	Treatment
Cryptococcosis
	Pathophysiology
	Symptoms and Signs
		CNS
		Lungs
		Skin
	Diagnosis
	Treatment
		Patients without AIDS
		Patients with AIDS
Histoplasmosis
	Symptoms and Signs
	Diagnosis
	Prognosis
	Treatment
Miscellaneous Opportunistic Fungi
Mucormycosis
	Symptoms and Signs
	Diagnosis
	Treatment
Mycetoma
	Symptoms and Signs
	Diagnosis
	Treatment
Paracoccidioidomycosis
	Symptoms and Signs
	Diagnosis
	Treatment
Pigmented Fungi
	Symptoms and Signs
	Diagnosis
	Treatment
Sporotrichosis
	Symptoms and Signs
	Diagnosis
	Treatment

Gram-Negative Bacilli

Introduction
Bartonella Infections
	Cat-Scratch Disease
		Symptoms and Signs
		Diagnosis and Treatment
	Oroya Fever and Verruga Peruana
	Bacillary Angiomatosis
	Trench Fever
Brucellosis
		Epidemiology
		Symptoms and Signs
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
Campylobacter and Related Infections
		Epidemiology
		Symptoms, Signs, and Diagnosis
		Treatment
Cholera
		Epidemiology and Pathophysiology
		Symptoms, Signs, and Diagnosis
		Treatment
		Prevention
	Noncholera Vibrio Infections
		Epidemiology
		Symptoms, Signs, and Diagnosis
		Treatment
Escherichia coli Infections
	E. coli O157:H7 Infection
		Epidemiology
		Symptoms and Signs
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prevention
HACEK Infections
Haemophilus Infections
		Diagnosis and Treatment
		Prevention
Klebsiella , Enterobacter , and Serratia Infections
Legionella Infections
		Symptoms, Signs, and Diagnosis
		Treatment
Melioidosis
		Symptoms, Signs, and Diagnosis
		Treatment
Pertussis
		Etiology and Pathophysiology
		Symptoms and Signs
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
		Prevention
Plague and Other Yersinia Infections
		Symptoms and Signs
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
	Other Yersinia Infections
Proteeae Infections
Pseudomonas and Related Infections
		Epidemiology
		Diseases Caused by Pseudomonas
			Skin and soft-tissue infections
			Respiratory tract infections
			Other infections
			Bacteremia
		Diagnosis and Treatment
			Localized infection
			Systemic infection
Salmonella Infections
	Typhoid Fever
		Etiology and Pathophysiology
		Symptoms and Signs
		Diagnosis
		Prognosis and Treatment
		Prevention
	Nontyphoidal Salmonella Infections
		Symptoms and Signs
		Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
Shigellosis
		Etiology and Pathophysiology
		Symptoms and Signs
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prevention
Tularemia
		Epidemiology and Pathophysiology
		Symptoms and Signs
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
		Prevention

Gram-Positive Bacilli Gram-Positive Cocci Herpesviruses

Introduction
	Drug Treatment
		Acyclovir
		Cidofovir
		Famciclovir
		Fomivirsen
		Foscarnet
		Ganciclovir and valganciclovir
		Idoxuridine
		Penciclovir
		Trifluridine
		Valacyclovir
		Vidarabine
Chickenpox
	Symptoms, Signs, and Diagnosis
	Prognosis and Treatment
	Prevention
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Infection
	Diagnosis
	Treatment and Prevention
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Infections
	Diseases Caused by Herpes Simplex
		Mucocutaneous infection
		Herpes simplex keratitis
		Neonatal herpes simplex
		CNS infection
	Diagnosis
	Treatment
		Mucocutaneous infection
		Herpes simplex keratitis
		Neonatal herpes simplex
		CNS infection
Herpes Zoster
	Symptoms and Signs
	Diagnosis
	Treatment and Prevention
Infectious Mononucleosis
	Etiology and Pathophysiology
	Symptoms and Signs
		Complications
	Diagnosis
	Prognosis and Treatment
Roseola Infantum
	Symptoms and Signs
	Diagnosis and Treatment

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Immunization

Introduction
		Risks, Restrictions, and High-Risk Groups
Passive Immunization
			Human immune globulin (IG)
			Hyperimmune globulin
Routine Vaccinations
		Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis
			Preparations
			Administration
			Adverse effects
		Tetanus-Diphtheria
			Preparations
			Administration
			Adverse effects
		Haemophilus influenzae Type b
			Preparations
			Administration
			Adverse effects
		Hepatitis A
			Preparations
			Administration
			Adverse effects
		Hepatitis B
			Preparations
			Administration
			Adverse effects
		Human Papillomavirus
			Preparations
			Administration
			Adverse effects
		Influenza
			Preparations
			Administration
			Adverse effects
		Measles, Mumps, and Rubella
			Preparations
			Administration
			Adverse effects
		Pneumococcal Disease
			Preparations
			Administration
			Adverse effects
		Poliomyelitis
			Preparations
			Administration
			Adverse effects
		Varicella
			Preparations
			Administration
			Adverse effects
		Herpes Zoster
			Preparations
			Administration
			Adverse effects
	Simultaneous Administration of Different Vaccines
	Immunizations for Travelers

Intestinal Protozoa Laboratory Diagnosis of Infectious Disease Mycobacteria

Introduction
Leprosy
		Symptoms and Signs
			Leprosy reactions
			Complications
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prevention
			Drugs
			Recommended regimens
			Leprosy reactions
			Prevention
Other Mycobacterial Infections Resembling Tuberculosis
			Pulmonary disease
			Lymphadenitis
			Cutaneous disease
			Wounds and foreign body infections
			Disseminated disease
Tuberculosis (TB)
		Etiology
		Epidemiology
		Pathophysiology
			Primary infection
			Active disease
		Symptoms and Signs
		Diagnosis
			Skin testing
		Prognosis and Treatment
			Public health considerations
			First-line drugs
			Second-line drugs
			Drug resistance
			Treatment regimens
			Other treatment
		Screening and Prevention
		Special Populations
			Children
			The elderly
			HIV-infected patients
	Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis (TB)
			Miliary TB
			Genitourinary TB
			TB meningitis
			TB peritonitis
			TB pericarditis
			TB lymphadenitis
			TB of bones and joints
			Gastrointestinal TB
			TB of the liver
			Other sites
		Diagnosis and Treatment

Neisseriaceae

	Introduction
	Acinetobacter Infections
	Kingella Infections
	Meningococcal Diseases
			Symptoms and Signs
			Diagnosis
			Treatment and Prevention
	Moraxella catarrhalis Infection
	Oligella Infections

Nematodes (Roundworms)

Introduction
Angiostrongyliasis
Anisakiasis
Ascariasis
		Etiology and Pathophysiology
		Symptoms, Signs, and Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prevention
Filarial Nematode Infections
	Dirofilariasis
	Dracunculiasis
		Symptoms and Signs
		Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
	Loiasis
		Symptoms, Signs, and Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prevention
	Bancroftian and Brugian Lymphatic Filariasis
		Etiology and Pathophysiology
		Symptoms and Signs
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prevention
	Onchocerciasis
		Etiology and Pathophysiology
		Symptoms and Signs
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prevention
Hookworm Infection
		Etiology and Pathophysiology
		Symptoms and Signs
		Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
Pinworm Infestation
		Pathophysiology
		Symptoms, Signs, and Diagnosis
		Treatment
Strongyloidiasis
		Etiology and Pathophysiology
		Symptoms and Signs
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prevention
Toxocariasis
		Etiology and Pathophysiology
		Symptoms and Signs
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prevention
Trichinosis
		Etiology and Pathophysiology
		Symptoms and Signs
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prevention
Trichuriasis

Other Viruses Respiratory Viruses Rickettsiae and Related Organisms Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD)

Introduction
Chancroid
	Symptoms and Signs
	Diagnosis
	Treatment
Chlamydial, Mycoplasmal, and Ureaplasmal Infections
	Symptoms and Signs
	Diagnosis
		Screening
	Treatment
Genital Warts
	Etiology
	Symptoms and Signs
	Diagnosis
	Treatment
	Prevention
Gonorrhea
	Symptoms and Signs
	Diagnosis
		Men with urethritis
		Women with genital symptoms or signs
		Pharyngeal or rectal exposures (either sex)
		Arthritis, DGI, or both
		Screening
	Treatment
		Sex partners
Granuloma Inguinale
	Symptoms and Signs
	Diagnosis
	Treatment
Lymphogranuloma Venereum (LGV)
	Symptoms and Signs
	Diagnosis
	Treatment
Sexually Transmitted Enteric Infections
Syphilis
	Symptoms and Signs
		Primary syphilis
		Secondary syphilis
		Latent period
		Late or tertiary syphilis
		Other lesions
	Diagnosis
		Diagnostic tests for syphilis
		Primary syphilis
		Secondary syphilis
		Latent syphilis
		Late or tertiary syphilis
	Treatment
		Primary, secondary, and latent syphilis
		Late or tertiary syphilis
		Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction (JHR)
		Posttreatment surveillance
Trichomoniasis
	Symptoms and Signs
	Diagnosis
	Treatment

Spirochetes Trematodes (Flukes)

Introduction
Clonorchiasis
Fascioliasis
Fasciolopsiasis
Heterophyiasis and Related Trematode Infections
Opisthorchiasis
Paragonimiasis
		Symptoms, Signs, and Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prevention
Schistosomiasis
		Etiology and Pathophysiology
		Symptoms and Signs
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prevention
	Dermatitis Caused by Avian and Animal Schistosomes

Viruses

Viruses
	Diagnosis
	Treatment and Prevention
		Antiviral drugs
		Interferons
		Vaccines and immune globulins

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