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Incontinence, urinary
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Joint pain, monarticular
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Otorrhea
Pain
Pain, chronic
Palpitations
Pelvic pain
Pelvic pain during early pregnancy
Polyuria and frequency
Pruritus
Red eye
Scrotal pain
Sore throat
Stridor
Syncope
Tearing
Tinnitus
Toothache
Urinary retention
Vaginal bleeding
Vaginal bleeding during early pregnancy
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Neurologic Disorders
Neurologic Disorders
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Autonomic nervous system
Cerebrovascular examination
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Lumbar puncture (spinal tap)
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Duplex Doppler ultrasonography
Myelography
EEG
Measurement of evoked responses (potentials)
Electromyography and nerve conduction velocity studies
Autonomic Nervous System
Introduction
Anatomy
Physiology
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Laboratory testing
Autonomic Neuropathies
Horner's Syndrome
Multiple System Atrophy
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Pure Autonomic Failure
Brain Infections
Introduction
Brain Abscess
Symptoms, Signs, and Diagnosis
Treatment
Encephalitis
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Helminthic Infections
Neurocysticercosis
Other infections
Prion Diseases
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)
Symptoms, Signs, and Prognosis
Diagnosis and Prevention
Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker Disease
Fatal Insomnia
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML)
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis and Treatment
Rabies
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis and Treatment
Prevention
Subdural Empyema
Symptoms, Signs, and Diagnosis
Treatment
Coma and Impaired Consciousness
Introduction
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
History
General physical examination
Neurologic examination
Eye examination
Respiratory patterns
Tests
Prognosis
Treatment
Endotracheal intubation
ICP control
Long-term care
Brain Death
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Locked-in Syndrome
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Vegetative State
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Craniocervical Junction Abnormalities
Craniocervical Junction Abnormalities
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Delirium and Dementia
Introduction
Behavioral and Psychologic Symptoms of Dementia
Etiology
Evaluation
Treatment
Environmental measures
Caregiver support
Drugs
Delirium
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Mental status examination
History
Physical examination
Testing
Prognosis
Treatment
General measures
Drugs
Prevention
Dementia
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Early
Intermediate
Late (severe)
Diagnosis
Clinical criteria
Laboratory testing
Neuroimaging
Neuropsychologic testing
Prognosis
Treatment
Patient safety
Environmental measures
Drugs
Caregiver assistance
End-of-life issues
Alzheimer's Disease
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Prevention
Vascular Dementia
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Lewy Body Dementia
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
HIV-Associated Dementia
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Frontotemporal Dementia
Symptoms and Signs
Frontal variant FTD
Primary progressive aphasia
Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Normal–Pressure Hydrocephalus
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Demyelinating Disorders
Introduction
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Cranial nerves
Motor
Cerebellar
Sensory
Spinal cord
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Neuromyelitis Optica
Function and Dysfunction of the Cerebral Lobes
Introduction
Frontal lobes
Parietal lobes
Temporal lobes
Occipital lobes
Insula
Pathophysiology
Recovery
Cerebral dysfunction syndromes
Diagnosis
Agnosia
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Amnesias
Etiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Transient Global Amnesia
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Aphasia
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Apraxia
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Headache
Approach to the Patient With Headache
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of Findings
Testing
Treatment
Geriatrics Essentials
Key Points
Cluster Headache
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Migraine
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Chronic migraines
Other symptoms
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Mild to moderate attacks
Severe attacks
Chronic migraines
Prevention
Post-Lumbar Puncture and Other Low–Pressure Headaches
Diagnosis
Treatment
Tension-Type Headache
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Intracranial and Spinal Tumors
Introduction
Classification
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
End-of-life issues
Radiation Therapy and Neurotoxicity
Acute radiation neurotoxicity
Early-delayed neurotoxicity
Late-delayed neurotoxicity
Gliomas
Treatment
Anaplastic astrocytomas and glioblastomas
Low-grade astrocytomas
Oligodendrogliomas
Medulloblastomas
Ependymomas
Meningiomas
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Pineal Region Tumors
Pituitary Tumors
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Primary Brain Lymphomas
Diagnosis
Treatment
Spinal Cord Tumors
Intramedullary tumors
Extramedullary tumors
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Meningitis
Introduction
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis and Treatment
Acute Bacterial Meningitis
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Partially treated meningitis
Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Prevention
Aseptic Meningitis
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis and Treatment
Subacute and Chronic Meningitis
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis and Treatment
Movement and Cerebellar Disorders
Introduction
Classification
Hypokinesia
Hyperkinesia
Cerebellar Disorders
Etiology
Congenital malformations
Hereditary ataxias
Acquired conditions
Diagnosis and Treatment
Chorea, Athetosis, and Hemiballismus
Dystonias
Generalized dystonia (dystonia musculorum deformans)
Focal dystonias
Segmental dystonias
Diagnosis and Treatment
Fragile X–Associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome (FXTAS)
Symptoms
Diagnosis and Treatment
Huntington's Disease
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Myoclonus
Symptoms
Diagnosis and Treatment
Parkinson's Disease
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Levodopa
Amantadine
Dopamine agonists
Selective monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B) inhibitors
Anticholinergic drugs
Catechol
O
-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors
Surgery
Physical measures
Parkinsonism
Diagnosis
Treatment
Progressive Supranuclear Palsy
Tremor
Physiologic tremor
Essential tremor (benign hereditary tremor, senile tremor)
Tremor of cerebellar disease
Asterixis
Neuro-ophthalmologic and Cranial Nerve Disorders
Introduction
Diagnosis and Treatment
Bell's Palsy
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Conjugate Gaze Palsies
Horizontal gaze palsies
Vertical gaze palsies
Downward gaze palsies
Fourth Cranial Nerve Palsy
Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Hemifacial Spasm
Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia
One-and-a-half syndrome
Sixth Cranial Nerve Palsy
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Third Cranial Nerve Disorders
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Trigeminal Neuralgia
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Neurotransmission
Neurotransmission
Propagation
Transmission
Receptors
Major Neurotransmitters and Receptors
Glutamate and aspartate
GABA
Serotonin
Acetylcholine
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Endorphins and enkephalins
Other neurotransmitters
Pain
Introduction
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Pain transmission and modulation
Evaluation
Pain severity
Demented and aphasic patients
Patients receiving neuromuscular blockade
Treatment of Pain
Nonopioid Analgesics
Opioid Analgesics
Route of administration
Dosing and titration
Adverse effects
Opioid antagonists
Adjuvant Analgesic Drugs
Neural Blockade
Neuromodulation
Geriatric Essentials
Chronic Pain
Symptoms and Diagnosis
Treatment
Drugs
Physical methods
Psychologic treatments
Neuropathic Pain
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Diagnosis
Treatment
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Peripheral Nervous System and Motor Unit Disorders
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Recovery
Evaluation
Treatment
Disorders of Neuromuscular Transmission
Eaton-Lambert syndrome
Botulism
Drugs or toxic chemicals
Disorders with Neuromuscular Manifestations
Stiff-person syndrome
Isaacs' syndrome
Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS)
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy
Hereditary Neuropathies
Sensorimotor neuropathies
Sensory neuropathies
Diagnosis and Treatment
Hereditary Motor Neuropathy With Liability to Pressure Palsies (HNPP)
Motor Neuron Disorders
Symptoms and Signs
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Progressive bulbar palsy
Progressive muscular atrophy
Primary lateral sclerosis and progressive pseudobulbar palsy
Diagnosis
Treatment
Myasthenia Gravis
Uncommon forms
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Symptomatic treatment
Immunomodulating treatment
Nerve Root Disorders
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Herniated Nucleus Pulposus
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Peripheral Neuropathy
Mononeuropathies
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treament
Polyneuropathy
Symptoms and Signs
Myelin dysfunction
Vasa nervorum compromise
Axonopathy
Diagnosis
Electrodiagnostic tests
Laboratory tests
Treatment
Plexus Disorders
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Spinal Muscular Atrophies
Diagnosis
Treatment
Thoracic Outlet Compression Syndromes
Symptoms and Sign
Diagnosis
Treatment
Seizure Disorders
Seizure Disorders
Definitions
Etiology
Classification
Generalized
Partial seizures
Symptoms and Signs
Partial seizures
Generalized seizures
Status epilepticus
Diagnosis
History
Physical examination
Testing
Prognosis
Treatment
Acute seizures and status epilepticus
Posttraumatic seizures
Principles of long-term treatment
Drug choice for long-term treatment
Adverse drug effects
Surgery
Vagus nerve stimulation
Sleep and Wakefulness Disorders
Introduction
Approach to the Patient With a Sleep or Wakefulness Disorder
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Treatment
Hypnotics
Other sedatives
Key Points
Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders
Circadian rhythm sleep disorder, jet lag type (jeg lag disorder)
Circadian rhythm sleep disorder, shift work type (shift work disorder)
Circadian rhythm sleep disorder, altered sleep phase types
Insomnia and Excessive Daytime Sleepiness (EDS)
Inadequate sleep hygiene
Adjustment insomnia
Psychophysiologic insomnia
Physical sleep disorders
Mental sleep disorders
Insufficient sleep syndrome (sleep deprivation)
Drug-related sleep disorders
Narcolepsy
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Idiopathic Hypersomnia
Parasomnias
Somnambulism
Sleep (night) terrors
Nightmares
REM sleep behavior disorder
Sleep-related leg cramps
Periodic Limb Movement Disorder and Restless Legs Syndrome
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Spinal Cord Disorders
Introduction
Anatomy
Pathophysiology, Symptoms, and Signs
Diagnosis
Acute Transverse Myelitis
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Arteriovenous Malformations
Cervical Spondylosis and Spondylotic Cervical Myelopathy
Hereditary Spastic Paraparesis
Spinal Cord Compression
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis and Treatment
Spinal Cord Infarction
Spinal Epidural Abscess
Spinal Subdural or Epidural Hematoma
Syrinx
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis and Treatment
Tropical Spastic Paraparesis/HTLV-1–Associated Myelopathy
Diagnosis and Treatment
Stroke (CVA)
Introduction
Symptoms and Signs
Complications
Evaluation
Treatment
Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis and Treatment
Ischemic Stroke
Etiology
Thrombosis
Embolism
Lacunar infarcts
Other causes
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Acute
Long term
Transient Ischemic Attack
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis and Treatment
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH)
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
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