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Genitourinary Disorders
Genitourinary Disorders
Abnormal Renal Transport Syndromes
Introduction
Bartter Syndrome
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Liddle Syndrome
Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
Symptoms and Signs
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Treatment
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Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA)
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Type 2 RTA
Type 4 RTA
Approach to the Genitourinary Patient
Introduction
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History
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Palpation
Other maneuvers
Testing
Urinalysis
Microscopic analysis
Other urine tests
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Blood tests
Approach to the Urologic Patient
History
Physical Examination
Inspection
Percussion
Palpation
Other maneuvers
Testing
Dysuria
Evaluation
History and physical examination
Testing
Treatment
Hematospermia
Imaging Tests
X-rays
Angiography
Ultrasonography
CT
MRI
Radionuclide scanning
Isolated Hematuria
Evaluation
History and physical examination
Testing
Treatment
Polyuria and Frequency
Etiology
Evaluation
History and physical examination
Testing
Treatment
Procedures
Bladder catheterization
Cystoscopy
Biopsy
Urethral dilation
Proteinuria
Evaluation
History and physical examination
Testing
Treatment
Scrotal Mass
Scrotal Pain
Evaluation
History and physical examination
Testing
Treatment
Benign Prostate Disease
Introduction
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Urinary retention
Drug therapy
Surgery
Other procedures
Prostatitis
Etiology
Classification
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Acute bacterial prostatitis
Chronic bacterial prostatitis
Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome
Asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis
Prostate Abscess
Cystic Kidney Disease
Introduction
Acquired Renal Cysts
Congenital Renal Cystic Dysplasia
Medullary Sponge Kidney
Nephronophthisis and Medullary Cystic Kidney Disease Complex
Nephronophthisis
Medullary cystic kidney disease
Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD)
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Renal Cystic Disease in Malformation Syndromes
Genitourinary Cancer
Introduction
Bladder Cancer
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Superficial cancers
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Penile Cancer
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prostate Cancer
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
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Treatment
Active surveillance
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Renal Cell Carcinoma
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Staging
Prognosis
Treatment
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Renal Pelvic and Ureteral Cancers
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
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Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Radiation therapy
Lymph node dissection
Chemotherapy
Supportive measures
Surveillance
Recurrences
Urethral Cancer
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Glomerular Diseases
Introduction
Nephritic and Nephrotic Syndromes
Fibrillary and Immunotactoid Glomerulopathies
Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Lupus Nephritis
Symptoms, Signs, and Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Nephritic Syndrome
Hereditary Nephritis
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis and Treatment
Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Postinfectious Glomerulonephritis
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis (RPGN)
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Thin Basement Membrane Disease
Nephrotic Syndrome
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Congenital Nephrotic Syndromes
Diabetic Nephropathy
Pathophysiology
Symptoms, Signs, and Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
Symptoms, Signs, and Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Membranous Nephropathy
Symptoms, Signs, and Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Minimal Change Disease
Diagnosis
Treatment
Male Reproductive Endocrinology
Introduction
Physiology
Sexual Differentiation, Adrenarche, and Puberty
Effects of Aging
Male Hypogonadism
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of primary and secondary hypogonadism
Evaluation of secondary hypogonadism
Treatment
Testosterone therapy
Treatment of infertility due to hypogonadism
Male Sexual Dysfunction
Libido
Erection
Ejaculation and orgasm
Erectile Dysfunction
Etiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Mechanical devices
Drugs
Surgery
Obstructive Uropathy
Obstructive Uropathy
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Obstructive nephropathy
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Evaluation of suspected urethral obstruction
Evaluation of ureteral or more proximal obstruction
Evaluation of hydronephrosis without apparent obstruction
Prognosis
Treatment
Penile and Scrotal Disorders
Introduction
Balanitis, Posthitis, and Balanoposthitis
Cutaneous Penile Lesions
Epididymitis
Etiology
Bacterial
Nonbacterial
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Orchitis
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Peyronie's Disease
Phimosis and Paraphimosis
Phimosis
Paraphimosis
Testicular Torsion
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Urethral Stricture
Renal Failure
Introduction
Acute Renal Failure (ARF)
Etiology
Urine output
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Cause
Imaging
Prognosis
Treatment
Emergency treatment
General measures
Prevention
Chronic Kidney Disease (Chronic Renal Failure)
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Classification
Prognosis
Treatment
Nutrition
Fluid and electrolytes
Anemia and coagulation disorders
Heart failure
Drugs
Dialysis
Transplantation
Renal Replacement Therapy
Introduction
Continuous Hemofiltration and Hemodialysis
Hemodialysis
Vascular access
Vascular access complications
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Prognosis
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Diet
Anemia of renal failure
Coronary artery disease
Hyperphosphatemia
Hypocalcemia and secondary hyperparathyroidism
Aluminum toxicity
Bone disease
Vitamin deficiencies
Calciphylaxis
Constipation
Peritoneal Dialysis
Access
Complications
Prognosis
Renovascular Disorders
Introduction
Benign Hypertensive Arteriolar Nephrosclerosis
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Renal Artery Stenosis and Occlusion
Etiology
Acute occlusion
Chronic progressive stenosis
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Acute renal artery occlusion
Chronic progressive renal artery stenosis
Renovascular hypertension
Renal Atheroembolism
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Renal Cortical Necrosis
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Renal Vein Thrombosis
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Tubulointerstitial Diseases
Introduction
Pathophysiology
Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)
Symptoms, Signs, and Diagnosis
Prognosis, Treatment, and Prevention
Contrast Nephropathy
Tubulointerstitial Nephritis
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Analgesic Abuse Nephropathy
Metabolic Nephropathies
Acute urate nephropathy
Chronic urate nephropathy
Hyperoxaluria
Hypercalcemia
Chronic hypokalemia
Heavy Metal Nephropathy
Lead
Cadmium
Other heavy metals
Reflux Nephropathy
Diagnosis
Treatment
Myeloma-Related Kidney Disease
Tubulointerstitial disease
Glomerulopathies
Symptoms, Signs, and Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Urinary Calculi
Urinary Calculi
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Urinalysis
Imaging tests
Identifying the cause
Treatment
Analgesia
Facilitating calculus passage
Calculus removal
Calculus dissolution
Prevention
Urinary Tract Infections (UTI)
Introduction
Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Classification
Urethritis
Cystitis
Acute urethral syndrome
Asymptomatic bacteruria
Acute pyelonephritis
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Urine collection
Urine testing
Infection localization
Other testing
Treatment
Urethritis
Cystitis
Acute urethral syndrome
Asymptomatic bacteriuria
Acute pyelonephritis
Prevention
Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections in Patients with Indwelling Bladder Catheters
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Chronic Pyelonephritis
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Fungal Urinary Tract Infections
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Voiding Disorders
Introduction
Interstitial Cystitis
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Neurogenic Bladder
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Urinary Incontinence
Types
Pathophysiology and Etiology
Transient incontinence
Established incontinence
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Testing
Treatment
General measures
Drugs
Urge incontinence
Stress incontinence
Overflow incontinence
Refractory incontinence
Incontinence in Children
Etiology
Evaluation and Treatment
Urinary Retention
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